Thinking, Fast and Slow
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- Author：Daniel Kahneman
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Summary
Major New York Times bestseller
Winner of the National Academy of Sciences Best Book Award in 2012
Selected by the New York Times Book Review as one of the best books of 2011
A Globe and Mail Best Books of the Year 2011 Title
One of The Economist's 2011 Books of the Year
One of The Wall Street Journal's Best Nonfiction Books of the Year 2011
2013 Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient
In the international bestseller， Thinking， Fast and Slow， Daniel Kahneman， the renowned psychologist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics， takes us on a groundbreaking tour of the mind and explains the two systems that drive the way we think。 System 1 is fast， intuitive， and emotional; System 2 is slower， more deliberative， and more logical。 The impact of overconfidence on corporate strategies， the difficulties of predicting what will make us happy in the future， the profound effect of cognitive biases on everything from playing the stock market to planning our next vacation—each of these can be understood only by knowing how the two systems shape our judgments and decisions。
Engaging the reader in a lively conversation about how we think， Kahneman reveals where we can and cannot trust our intuitions and how we can tap into the benefits of slow thinking。 He offers practical and enlightening insights into how choices are made in both our business and our personal lives—and how we can use different techniques to guard against the mental glitches that often get us into trouble。 Winner of the National Academy of Sciences Best Book Award and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize and selected by The New York Times Book Review as one of the ten best books of 2011， Thinking， Fast and Slow is destined to be a classic。
Winner of the National Academy of Sciences Best Book Award in 2012
Selected by the New York Times Book Review as one of the best books of 2011
A Globe and Mail Best Books of the Year 2011 Title
One of The Economist's 2011 Books of the Year
One of The Wall Street Journal's Best Nonfiction Books of the Year 2011
2013 Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient
In the international bestseller， Thinking， Fast and Slow， Daniel Kahneman， the renowned psychologist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics， takes us on a groundbreaking tour of the mind and explains the two systems that drive the way we think。 System 1 is fast， intuitive， and emotional; System 2 is slower， more deliberative， and more logical。 The impact of overconfidence on corporate strategies， the difficulties of predicting what will make us happy in the future， the profound effect of cognitive biases on everything from playing the stock market to planning our next vacation—each of these can be understood only by knowing how the two systems shape our judgments and decisions。
Engaging the reader in a lively conversation about how we think， Kahneman reveals where we can and cannot trust our intuitions and how we can tap into the benefits of slow thinking。 He offers practical and enlightening insights into how choices are made in both our business and our personal lives—and how we can use different techniques to guard against the mental glitches that often get us into trouble。 Winner of the National Academy of Sciences Best Book Award and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize and selected by The New York Times Book Review as one of the ten best books of 2011， Thinking， Fast and Slow is destined to be a classic。
Reviews
Eduardo Fuentes
，
Tremendo libro， para los creyentes en la Teoría de la utilidad y racionalidad como motor de decisiones
Maciej Walinski
，
This book should be treated as a sacred work。 It is literally a blueprint of understand how the human mind processes the world around it， and it does so in a remarkably accessible format。 I could - and in fact thought about doing so - write a long dissertation about its merits and why I have such a high opinion of thr work， but it can really be distilled down to this: if you have any interest at all inunderstanding how our cognitive mind process information and the world around us， this book wil This book should be treated as a sacred work。 It is literally a blueprint of understand how the human mind processes the world around it， and it does so in a remarkably accessible format。 I could - and in fact thought about doing so - write a long dissertation about its merits and why I have such a high opinion of thr work， but it can really be distilled down to this: if you have any interest at all inunderstanding how our cognitive mind process information and the world around us， this book will provide many key answers; and the applications in day to day life are limitless。 。。。more
Adib
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Some chapters are extremely dry。 I did not enjoy the author's attempt at making "interactive" portions throughout。 I did get some new knowledge from it and it broadened my perspective， so I'm not necessarily disappointed by the book。 Though I recommend it to others， this is not a book I'd touch again。 Some chapters are extremely dry。 I did not enjoy the author's attempt at making "interactive" portions throughout。 I did get some new knowledge from it and it broadened my perspective， so I'm not necessarily disappointed by the book。 Though I recommend it to others， this is not a book I'd touch again。 。。。more
Hjalmar Vinje
，
Well written book on the irrationality of the human mind。 The division into two systems might be one of the most useful frameworks for understanding the mind there is。 Also， the book gives interesting thought on utility theory， which was an interesting supplement to the microeconomics course I was taking while reading the book。 However， what kind of annoyed me was that Kahneman assumed the reader to be risk-averse。 The book made me realize that I am very risk-neutral， which means I did not reall Well written book on the irrationality of the human mind。 The division into two systems might be one of the most useful frameworks for understanding the mind there is。 Also， the book gives interesting thought on utility theory， which was an interesting supplement to the microeconomics course I was taking while reading the book。 However， what kind of annoyed me was that Kahneman assumed the reader to be risk-averse。 The book made me realize that I am very risk-neutral， which means I did not really follow the reasoning to many of the examples。 Also， while the examples were entertaining， they did get quite repetitive。A key take-away from the book， even though it wasn’t a main point， is that a way to make sure the irrational systems of the mind doesn’t get too much of a say in decisions， is to break them down into smaller quantitative parts that can be evaluated more objectively。 I now have better reasoning for implementing this， and will probably do this more when making decisions in the future。 。。。more
Aya Thaaer
，
يوضح عالم النفس دانيال كانمان عمل دماغ الانسان الذي يعتقد البشر أنَّه عقلاني في معظم المواقف ليثبت كانمان العكس تماماً، يعمل العقل بنظامين مختلفين يطلق عليهما كانمان النظام ١ والنظام ٢ ، وكل واحد منهما يستخدم لنوع معين من التفكير فالنظام ١ هو للتفكير السريع التلقائي البسيط والنظام ٢ هو للبطيء العقلاني 。。لكل واحد من هذه الانظمة ميزات وعيوب فمن ميزات النظام ١ هو أنَّه جاهز للاجابة في أي وقت يخزن كماً هائلاً من المعلومات ليجيب عنها ببراعة خلال ثواني معدودة ، لكن الكثير من معلوماته خاطئة ويخضع للكثي يوضح عالم النفس دانيال كانمان عمل دماغ الانسان الذي يعتقد البشر أنَّه عقلاني في معظم المواقف ليثبت كانمان العكس تماماً، يعمل العقل بنظامين مختلفين يطلق عليهما كانمان النظام ١ والنظام ٢ ، وكل واحد منهما يستخدم لنوع معين من التفكير فالنظام ١ هو للتفكير السريع التلقائي البسيط والنظام ٢ هو للبطيء العقلاني 。。لكل واحد من هذه الانظمة ميزات وعيوب فمن ميزات النظام ١ هو أنَّه جاهز للاجابة في أي وقت يخزن كماً هائلاً من المعلومات ليجيب عنها ببراعة خلال ثواني معدودة ، لكن الكثير من معلوماته خاطئة ويخضع للكثير من المغالطات المنطقية منها ومن المغالطات التي يقع فيها النظام١ هي الانحياز التأكيدي فينحاز الى افكار بيئته ، وينخدع بالتأطير فهو يرى العالم من خلال مبادئ مغلوطة وهي كثيرة يستفيض الكاتب في شرحها بدقة معززة بتجارب علمية قام بها مع صديق دراسته الذي يذكره كثيراً خلال صفحات الكتاب （عاموس） 。。ومن هذه المبادئ هو مبدأ "ما تراه هو كل ما هناك" معناه أنَّ النظام١ يرى الموضوع من جانب واحد ويبني تفسيرات كثيرة معززة بدلائل من منظور احادي الجانب، إضافة لذلك يستطيع النظام١ بناء قصة كاملة واحداث كثيرة من خلال معرفة معلومات بسيطة وربطها مع بعضها ثم إضافة تصورات سابقة عليها ليكون فكرة معينة او يتخذ موقف محدد كما أنَّ يقوم بالاجابة على سؤال من خلال سؤال سابق اسهل منه وهو يحفظ إجابته ،وهو بارع جداً في إضفاء الاحساس بالعقلانية حتى على القرارات الغير مدروسة بدقة。 。اما النظام٢ فهو النظام الذي يفكر بدقة اكبر وعقلانية اكثر نُجبَر على استخدامه عند التعرض لمعضلة صعبة لا يستطيع النظام١ الارتجال والاجابة عليها مثل مسألة رياضية او مشكلة حياتية كبرى، مشكلته الوحيدة هو كسلهُ، فهو يترك العمل للنظام١ في معظم الاوقات لأنه （فد واحد عجوزي） 。。يذكر الكاتب الكثير من القوانين ويبين امكانية تطبيقها في اكثر من مجال بل البعض منها يمكن تطبيقهُ على كل شيء مثل قانون الارتداد الى المتوسط ،والسعادة المستشعرة والسعادة المتذكرة وغيرها وهو يحث دائماً إلى تجاهل النظام١ وتشغيل والاستماع إلى النظام٢。。الكتاب مفيد لكن مشكلته هو حجمه الكبير وكمية الشرح والمعلومات الكثيرة المذكورة فيه فهو مثلا عند ذكر تجربة يذكر القائمين عليها وعدد المشاركين ومكان التجربة ودلائل اخرى ومعلومات اقتصادية للمهتمين بهذا الجانب ، لا أُنكر أنَّها تُعزز كثيراً من صدق الكاتب وتضيف ثقة للقارئ بأنَّ ما يقرأهُ صحيح وعلمي إلا أنَّها جعلت الكتاب مملاً وصعباً على الفهم وربما للترجمة دور في ذلك ايضاً。 。。。more
Dann Gauna
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Great book！
Svetlana
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Fascinating book about us， the people and what makes us do （some of） what we do。 But a bit tedious at times。 I was listening to an audiobook， which is not the best choice for this particular book， where you might want to slow down and contemplate。 And don’t forget the charts and graphs the author is referencing throughout the book。
Paul Moore
，
Great read and sort of a summary of the author's noble prize winning work。 If you are interested in the mind and how it works （and fails to work）， the book is worth the read Great read and sort of a summary of the author's noble prize winning work。 If you are interested in the mind and how it works （and fails to work）， the book is worth the read 。。。more
kushal
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Very difficult book， I must say
Crystal
，
This book is amazing。 The book clearly lays out the functions of the 2 systems in the brain。 The author does a great job of explaining our conscious and unconscious minds， the latter being the more prominent of the two。 As I was reading this book， I found it fascinating how our brains tend to take the route of least resistance even when faced with statistics that prove those thoughts wrong。 All in all， the author did an amazing job of explaining the 2 systems in our brain and the unconscious min This book is amazing。 The book clearly lays out the functions of the 2 systems in the brain。 The author does a great job of explaining our conscious and unconscious minds， the latter being the more prominent of the two。 As I was reading this book， I found it fascinating how our brains tend to take the route of least resistance even when faced with statistics that prove those thoughts wrong。 All in all， the author did an amazing job of explaining the 2 systems in our brain and the unconscious mind’s shortcomings in each scenario。 。。。more
Jan Nieuwerf
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Interesting book， but too much information to take in in one go。
Aiza
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Have you ever wondered how our brain falls into traps of the real world？ How about biases？ Thinking Fast and Slow will change the way you think。 It focuses on how we think and how that impacts our decisions， such as irrational and rational thinking， System one and System two， thinking fast and thinking slow。 Thinking Fast and Slow is written by Daniel Kahneman。 Daniel is a psychologist and economist， he is known for his study on decision making。 Kahneman was born in Tel Aviv in 1934， his parents Have you ever wondered how our brain falls into traps of the real world？ How about biases？ Thinking Fast and Slow will change the way you think。 It focuses on how we think and how that impacts our decisions， such as irrational and rational thinking， System one and System two， thinking fast and thinking slow。 Thinking Fast and Slow is written by Daniel Kahneman。 Daniel is a psychologist and economist， he is known for his study on decision making。 Kahneman was born in Tel Aviv in 1934， his parents were Jews who fled to France。 Daniel still remembers the German SS soldiers whom he saw in the streets late at night。 In High School， Daniel found the love of psychology， he got his first degree from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem。 Within 2 years he finished majoring in psychology and a minoring in math。 With his special skills， Daniel joined the military。 He got drafted as a second lieutenant， then got transferred into the Psychology branch of the Israel Defense Forces。 He came out from the army in 1956 and got a PhD。 In 1968 Daniel paired up with Amos Tversky。 Then wrote a book about their findings， Thinking Fast and Slow。 Which was the best selling book published in 2011。 Daniel got awarded a Nobel Memorial Prize for his work in Economic Sciences because of the study he wrote in the book。 Now， Daniel works in Princeton University as a Psychology Professor。 After reading Thinking Fast and Slow， I have gained knowledge about everyday biases and my way of thinking。 Daniel explains how our brain has two ways of thinking。 One is fast， while the other is slow。 An example of fast thinking is if I give you this to solve， 2+2。 4 immediately comes into your mind。 That is system one。 What if I give you this， 3487 x 2395。 Now 8，351，365 doesn’t come into your mind as quickly as 4 did， right？ That was your slow thinking， system 2。 I have also learned many other biases that I can get trapped in。 There are many different biases that you can fall into about human intuition。 An example that is used through the book was WYSIATI （What You See Is All There Is）。 In this example， Daniel tells us that system one will jump to conclusions。 Relying on the existing information， not the information that is missing。 This is called limited information bias。 Daniel keeps us in awe as he goes on telling more about intuitive thinking and biases。 Learning this， I can stray from biases。 More specifically to WYSIATI， I can stop and take a look at what other important information is missing that is not with the ones in front of me。 After doing so， I can then make my final conclusion staying away from the limited information bias。 I think this can make my decision making better and fairer。 This is important because I can make decisions without thinking， which can change my life in a drastic way。 Maybe not showing the best end result。 By thinking about the information that I can’t see but that exists， I can make the best decision without being in a panic zone。 We all know， being in a panic zone doesn’t work and you need to get out。 I would recommend this book to lexile levels 900+ because of the complex ideas。 Being more specific to the genre， I would recommend this book to those who are interested in Psychology or Behavioral Economics。 I would suggest to not touch this book if you are not interested in those two genres。 Once I read the last words and shut the book， I started thinking and reflecting。 As I was doing it， questions sparked into my mind。 “Will using this bias make you an automatic hero or villain？” “Should you stay away from getting trapped， while you trap others？” It wasn’t clear to me that using biases with others can be considered “ethical” if you stay away from them。 Such as， luring others in to benefit you and using the same biases that you， yourself， try to stay away from。 Staying away means to not use the biases？ Should I or should I not？ Daniel is a spectacular story teller， he wrote his book in a first person perspective。 He told his and his friend’s discovery。 Such as， “I visited Israel several times during a period in which suicide bombings in buses were relatively common - tough of course quite rare in absolute terms。” （Kahneman， 234）He shared his ideas， problems we face and how to fix it。 The whole book seemed picturesque。 From the word choice being perfect to splitting the book into 5 parts， with a total of 38 chapters。 Daniel chose his words carefully， because of this it made understanding more easier。 Each part is about a new area， giving you new information beyond system 1 and 2。 Daniel also does tiny experiments with you， such as asking you to see a picture （which is in the book） then asking what you think of it。 The charts and diagrams are also a big help in understanding the book。 All in all， Thinking Fast and Slow will change the way you think forever; a must read！ Be careful， reading about these biases as you will have unlocked the way we all think… 。。。more
Marcus Seitz
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Reads like a textbook and is a bit repetitive but provides massive insights on our bias， logical errors， and how we think。 Worth the read。
Harshdeep
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A fantastic book。 Analogy of Fast and Slow thinking and other information presented is awesome。 It surely rewired thought process to view situations differently。List of biases noted and hope to remember as we go along。Sure to reread， when mind needs to be rewired again。Thanks Daniel。
Dennies Escobar
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Very scientific book where you learn a lot from reading。
Abel Kebasso
，
An incredible presentation of psychological and economic studies conducted by the Nobel prize winner varying from prospect theory to revealing studies about the nature of human choice。
Lucas
，
A long read， but in my view a worthwhile one。 If you wanted a smaller similiar read Mastermind might be it。 It covers a lot of things and is critical of the stock market and the rational man idea。 Though it points to a large amount of research and studies to back up these criticisms。Writing a review for such a large book should probably be a system 2 activity， might think it over more and edit later！
Socrate
，
„Mulți dintre noi anticipează spontan cum vor evalua colegii și prietenii opțiunile noastre; prin urmare， calitatea și conținutul acestor judecăți anticipate contează。 Așteptarea unei taclale inteligenteeste un motiv puternic de autocritică serioasă， mai tare decât hotărârile de Anul Nou privind îmbunătățirea modului în care luăm decizii la serviciu și acasă。 Pentru a fi un bun diagnostician， un medic are nevoie să-și însușească numeroase descrieri ale bolilor， fiecare dintre ele oferind o idee „Mulți dintre noi anticipează spontan cum vor evalua colegii și prietenii opțiunile noastre; prin urmare， calitatea și conținutul acestor judecăți anticipate contează。 Așteptarea unei taclale inteligenteeste un motiv puternic de autocritică serioasă， mai tare decât hotărârile de Anul Nou privind îmbunătățirea modului în care luăm decizii la serviciu și acasă。 Pentru a fi un bun diagnostician， un medic are nevoie să-și însușească numeroase descrieri ale bolilor， fiecare dintre ele oferind o idee despre boală și simptomele sale， despre posibile antecedente și cauze， posibile evoluții și consecințe，precum și despre posibile intervenții menite să vindece ori să atenueze boala。 A învăța medicina constă， parțial， în a învăța limbajul medicinei。 O mai profundă înțelegere a judecăților și a opțiunilor solicită， de asemenea， un vocabular mai bogat decât cel disponibil în limbajul cotidian。”„Atunci când sunteți întrebați la ce vă gândiți， în mod normal puteți să răspundeți。 Credeți că știți ce se petrece în mintea voastră， adeseori fiind vorba de un gând conștient ce conduce în mod ordonat către un altul。 Însă acesta nu este unicul mod în care lucrează mintea și nici măcarmodul său tipic de funcționare。 Majoritatea impresiilor și gândurilor se nasc în experiența voastră conștientă fără să știți cum au ajuns acolo。” 。。。more
Sabine Bjermeland
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Very good。
Andrea Panella
，
The book is very interesting as it provides a representation of the mind as a system composed by two different sub agents with different traits that interact and many times they are conflicting with each other。 Although these two sub systems are called 1 and 2 （fast and slow）， it came natural to me to hypothesize an analogy with the brain pre frontal cortex and the limbic system。 I appreciated very much the digression on utility and prospect theories。 I have known for a while that losses weigh m The book is very interesting as it provides a representation of the mind as a system composed by two different sub agents with different traits that interact and many times they are conflicting with each other。 Although these two sub systems are called 1 and 2 （fast and slow）， it came natural to me to hypothesize an analogy with the brain pre frontal cortex and the limbic system。 I appreciated very much the digression on utility and prospect theories。 I have known for a while that losses weigh much more than wins， but I didn't have the full picture until having read this book。 Another good point of interest is the highlighted equivalence between correlation and regression。 While the former suggests a causal explanation of phenomena， the latter provides an explanation that is purely statistical。On the negative side， the political believes of the author （albeit never explicitly mentioned or discussed in the book） become clearer and clearer as you progress towards the end of the book。The implied lack of absolute free will， and the apparent reduction to every individual mind as an engineering mechanical system that annihilates on self identity betrays a totalitarian view in which individuals and organizations are put on the same level， with the latter being the ultimate tool and purpose。 。。。more
Henrik Lehtonen
，
# Thinking， Fast and SlowDaniel KahnemanAudiobookRating: 3，5/5The concept is very interesting and there were some great and concrete examples in the book。 What dragged the score down a bit was the "thoroughness" of the book in the sense that some examples were dug into very deep， making it hard to try and keep interested。## What stuckDividing thinking and decision making into system 1 （fast） and system 2 （slow）。- System 1 is "intuition" - very fast and used all the time。 Very prone to errors lik # Thinking， Fast and SlowDaniel KahnemanAudiobookRating: 3，5/5The concept is very interesting and there were some great and concrete examples in the book。 What dragged the score down a bit was the "thoroughness" of the book in the sense that some examples were dug into very deep， making it hard to try and keep interested。## What stuckDividing thinking and decision making into system 1 （fast） and system 2 （slow）。- System 1 is "intuition" - very fast and used all the time。 Very prone to errors like anchoring， framing and different biases- System 2 is critical thinking， requiring focus and a lot of energy。 Used for problem solving， reflection， analysis etc。WYSIATI: What you see is all there is- The human mind is very prone to jumping into conclusions based on whatever information is available。 This is largely because of system 1 taking in the information and quickly producing a very believable story of what's going on around us。Hindsight bias: "I knew it all along" when something does happen vs "Yes， I thought it would be unlikely" when it doesn'tConfirmation bias: Evidence supporting one's existing understanding （or story） is spotted easily， even looked for。 Contradicting evidence on the other hand is easily ignored or not looked for at all。 。。。more
Murat
，
this book has opened many doors before me。 This is a game changer one。
Nv
，
What a pleasure it is to read the focus on phenomenology as the source of hypotheses and insight。 Genius wrings spectacular reason out of quotidian mundanity， especially in the first few sections。 He brilliantly reinforces the theory of embodied cognition through the filter of the experience of an idea， rather than its empiricism and review， a peculiarly unidimensional tendency of the post-Carnap Anglo-American， and my explanation for the relatively underwhelming 2nd half of the book。 It is unfo What a pleasure it is to read the focus on phenomenology as the source of hypotheses and insight。 Genius wrings spectacular reason out of quotidian mundanity， especially in the first few sections。 He brilliantly reinforces the theory of embodied cognition through the filter of the experience of an idea， rather than its empiricism and review， a peculiarly unidimensional tendency of the post-Carnap Anglo-American， and my explanation for the relatively underwhelming 2nd half of the book。 It is unfortunate， though， that consuming this information without experiencing it the way Kahnemann has， means we access less of the positive emotion of recognizing such cognitive insight （what intuitive， creative creatures we are）， and more of the negative （what manipulable sheep we are）。 It would appear this is an effect borne out by the trajectory of behavioral economics， at best paternalistic nudges for my own good， at worst subliminal coercion。 As a rational actor， my response to understanding cognitive biases is either to guard against them， or use them as a marketer or policy maker。 For instance， intuitions about depth throws off our perspective， so we assume 2D elements of same size are larger based on how much farther we think they are。 I should be thrilled with the spectacular ability of the human mind to perceive depth in 2D representations， but instead feel foolish that I can so easily be tricked。 A piece of research I’d love to read is one that uses the System 1-2 framework as a plausible psychological basis for the Kantian transcendental deduction。 NotesHeuristic: when faced with a difficult question， we answer an easier one instead without noticing the substitution （should I invest in Ford -> do I like Ford cars）Kvothe’s unique genius: Chess grandmasters moves are not System 2， because of mastery。 Learning entails analysis/differentiation - system 2， and mastery entails synthesis/integration - system 1。 So what constitutes 1 or 2 is arbitrary。 My 2 is an expert’s 1。 Invest in initial capex of S2 effort， unlock operational savings when you level up to S1。 For every activity there exists an inflection point as per your personal utility curve， defining the decision to invest in S1 transformation。 Flow: if maintaining attention no longer requires effortful self-control， resources freed up for the task at handEgo depletion: cognitive/physical/emotional tasks draw from common pool of mental energy。 Successive tasks requiring self-control suffer。 Unlike cognitive load， ego-depletion is a reduction of motivation。Dogma of Marshmallow-test performance and intelligence/long-term-achievement。 But training attention also increased nonverbal intelligenceRationality and intelligence are different things。 Cognitive failures （laziness， inattention） are irrational， not unintelligent。 Priming。 Ideomotor effect: primed by words connoting old-age， subsequently move slower across the hall。 Reverse: If made to smile/nod， more likely to agree with the statements。 Pay more into honesty-box when banner of someone watching you。 Though priming indicates environment can control your thought， it is statistical， ie those who are undecided （say about voting on school funds） will be more swayed （if ballot is in a school）。 System 2 is either offline/incapable， so System 1 has to lead。Memory Illusion: words that are easier to see/read （cognitive ease） ‘feel’ familiar， have a quality of ‘pastness’。 Illegibility causes cognitive strain， more negative reaction。 Reverse: illegibly written lilypad problem activates System 2 and therefore only 35% make errors， compared to 90% otherwise。System 1 seeks coherent consistent story over a complete one。 70% senatorial results explained by which candidate looked more competent （strong chin， confident smile） than likeable。 （Different for women？ Hillary was painted not as incompetent but unlikeable）How happy are you？ How many dates did you have？ If in this order， no correlation， if reversed， high correlation。 Love-life is more specific， easier to recall， and access emotional content。 System 1。 Happiness in general requires more deliberate thought。 System 2。 Statistics: We suck at it。 Kidney cancer incidence lowest among rural midwest。 Because good nutrition， clean living？ Incidence highest among rural midwest。 Because poor nutrition， tobacco and alcohol？ Small sample sizes produce extreme results more often than large ones。 HHH more likely than HHHHHH。 Also， we like patterns so we make representations of reality that are too neat。 So HHHHHH is seen as a pattern whereas HTHTHT is accepted as random。 Artifact: A result that arises purely from the limitations/construction of sample and data。Availability: Insurance sales goes up during media coverage of disaster。 Cass Sunstein’s availability cascade - news sets off cascade of news， reactions of reactions of reactions， small events have large effects。Sunstein: Policy should be by experts making rational decisions， not swayed by public fear and emotion。 Paul Slovic: Policy should account for public fear/emotion， reducing not only danger but also fear （negative emotion）。 Representativeness: Describe X as stereotypical nerd。 Everyone says more likely he is computer scientist than humanities， even though latter is more numerous。 Real Q is， are there more introverted nerdy humanities students than computer scientists。 If yes， then irrational to say CSc。 Counter: Although， then what is the value of the information given， if not as a signal or a hint？ We’re taking the information and doing 2 things， 1） how many introverted Hum vs C。Sc and 2） What value is information adding。 If Hum >> Csc and therefore Hum*Nerd > CSc*Nerd， the value of ‘Nerd’ is zero。 Like the Monty Hall Problem， if we are given more information， it just makes sense to change our minds （Hum -> Csc）。 Alternately， perhaps intuitive statistics lowers prob（Hum） when ‘Nerd’ is presented， and our judgment only captures directional value of probability， not absolute quantity。 Since direction is -> Csc， that’s our answer。 So then why is it that in the Monty Hall Problem， we are skeptical about our intuition about rising probability of unopened door （from 33% to 50%） when it is indeed the correct answer？ Because initial choice of door was random， whereas choice of Hum is based on data？Linda Fallacy and Syntactic Structures: what if this is explained by our focus on solving the internal consistency of a grammatical sentence when it has multiple clauses。 X is a banker。 X is a banker and walks to work， ie A = B， or X = Y + Z， the latter gives us something to solve， if it is soluble， then we deem X > A， ie X is meaningful， and A is trivial。 More detail is more persuasive， but less probable yes， but it is also more verifiable and therefore enjoys higher confidence。Economics: 10 high value cards priced more than 10 high value cards + 3 medium value cards。 If rephrase conjunction problem giving a solid number， ie out of 100 people， how many are X vs X+Y， fewer errors， because made less abstract， converted to a spatial representation。 9 out of 10 dentists prefer ColgateOur unwillingness to deduce the particular from the general is matched only by our willingness to infer the general from the particular: ie， we learn statistical facts but don’t incorporate it into updated Bayesian thinking。 But show us specific example， activate System 1， and we can readily recall the statistical fact。 Rubbernecking and the Indian Gaper: we’re less likely to be helpful if we see that others have also see/heard the cry for help。 Distribution of responsibility， hence the point and command tactic。 Put another way， the Indian accident-crowd came first， the gaping is an inevitability after that。 Reducing onlookers will paradoxically increase probability of getting help。 Statistically， rewarding good performance is better than punishing bad performance。 Unfortunately， we overestimate the effect of our response and attach causal link where there was only natural regression to mean， ie reward when someone does better than their average （performance dips after that to their mean）， punish when someone does worse than avg （performance rises， we take credit for it）。Confidence is a function of the coherence of the story generated based on evidence at hand， not completeness: a model for Dunning-Kruger？An Israeli pointing out the irrationality of not seeing Hitler’s kind side （towards animals， children） is amazing on so many levels。Misuse of word know （knew subprime crisis was imminent） implies world is knowable。 Pernicious illusion。 Zero correlation between any 2 years ranking of fund managers。 Luck， not skill。 Counter: My selection criteria is so good that I collect a pool of talent of such uniform high quality that skill becomes irrelevant， isn’t that the gold standard of hiring？ Compare instead with external pool of managers w。r。t long-term production functions？ Explain Warren Buffet？Formula for wine prices （summer temp， fall rain， winter rain） 90% correlation， far outperforms experts who overcomplicate features， give contradictory forecast for same information， have biases。 Philip Tetlock’s Hedgehog and Fox。 Experts are terrible on average， but some experts are great， so what links the great ones？ Foxiness？Expert intuition reliability based on immediacy of feedback。 Anesthesiologist more immediate feedback than radiologist， trust intuition more。 Prospect Theory: possibility effect （overestimate low probability） - risk-seeking lottery， risk-averse insurance。 Certainty effect （underestimate high probability） - risk-seeking gambling， risk-averse structured settlements （firm buys your 95% winning case giving you 90% of claim）Hacking the irrational brain: If offered coin-toss of -$10 H， and +20$ T， will not take （ie value loss of -10 same as gain of +20， double my notional loss in calculation）。 But if offered 2 coin-tosses with same terms， suddenly， expected payoff is +ve。 Worse， if offered 1 coin-toss twice， will not take， if offered 2 coin-tosses， will accept。 Point of using probability is to reduce emotional response to losses and instead maximize instances of +ve expected payout gambles。 。。。more
Cory
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I basically read a chapter per day （or less）。 It’s a bit of a slog， but probably worth it。 Feels like I accomplished something， but that’s probably just System 1 leading me astray again。
Justin Norman
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Consistently captivating and surprising。 An essential resource for checking the flaws in your own reasoning in areas that range from financial decisions， to creative projects， to assessing your own happiness。 The sooner you can read this one， the better。 Unless you're already aware of the studies involved here， it seems almost a sure thing that it'll have a positive impact on your reasoning。 Consistently captivating and surprising。 An essential resource for checking the flaws in your own reasoning in areas that range from financial decisions， to creative projects， to assessing your own happiness。 The sooner you can read this one， the better。 Unless you're already aware of the studies involved here， it seems almost a sure thing that it'll have a positive impact on your reasoning。 。。。more
Evelina Bogdiun
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This is a great book for individuals interested in psychology， biases and how human’s mind work。 It gave me basic understanding of thinking processes， some valuable insights and another look at my own mind。 I gave it 4 stars because it was a little too difficult for me at this time in life。 While reading this book， additional research should be made in order to better understand and memorize topics， at least for me。 I didn’t do it， therefore I don’t remember all of the described thinking process This is a great book for individuals interested in psychology， biases and how human’s mind work。 It gave me basic understanding of thinking processes， some valuable insights and another look at my own mind。 I gave it 4 stars because it was a little too difficult for me at this time in life。 While reading this book， additional research should be made in order to better understand and memorize topics， at least for me。 I didn’t do it， therefore I don’t remember all of the described thinking processes， biases， and I feel like I missed some good points。 I wish I knew about it when I studied psychology briefly and was more into this topic。 Not all concepts were clear to me， especially when reading in English， which is my。。 4th （？） language。 Many situations described in the book didn’t match my thinking pattern， though author suggested it would， so I didn’t have the “oh yeah， it’s so true” thoughts often。 Nevertheless， I find this book valuable and interesting in order to understand human behavior， maybe manipulate human thoughts at some extent or implement these biases and thinking patterns， for example， in marketing， which is my main education field。 。。。more
Peihao Sun
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Very interesting and informative。
Joshua R。 Taylor
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Well， Thinking， Fast and Slow has kept me preoccupied for years and years。 In summary my opinion started out at optimism and praise but it was eroded away by its shortcomings as they revealed themselves。First shortcoming: this is not a self-help book 。Hailed as the 'mother of all popular psychology'， encompassing the theories of other books such as Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions and The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable， I imme Well， Thinking， Fast and Slow has kept me preoccupied for years and years。 In summary my opinion started out at optimism and praise but it was eroded away by its shortcomings as they revealed themselves。First shortcoming: this is not a self-help book 。Hailed as the 'mother of all popular psychology'， encompassing the theories of other books such as Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions and The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable， I immediately earmarked it as high on my priority for personal development。 If so much richness can be packed into one book， then it must be valuable， right？Initially it definitely felt packed with richness， but I hadn't yet worked out if it was valuable。 The message of the book is wrapped around a core mental model: we think in two systems。 An intuitive system （System 1） that makes fast and approximately correct decisions。 Also an attentive system （System 2） that makes slow， effortful but more rational decisions。 That's interesting， but I immediately wondered how it was useful。 How could such a model practically change my existing life or decisions？ It took a few reads for Kahneman's warnings at the start of the book to sink in， the warnings to not even try to use the book's contents for self help。 It's use he claimed was mostly in observing and criticising the actions of others， since we cannot see our irrational turns while looking from the driving seat。Okay then， I thought， perhaps this book is less useful than I thought。 I guess I have to find a therapist/coach/mentor/guru who has read this book to improve my own rationally。Second shortcoming: the contents are really hard to link to real life。 In popular psychology， I should've seen this one coming。 I could even coin a phrase for it: sportsball science。 The vain attempt of psychologists and statisticians to communicate their relevance to the layperson by using useless yet familiar examples， especially in relation to sports。 So Kahneman， who the hell has had their life changed by realising that the 'hot-hand' in basketball is total fiction？ Firstly， only the kind of deluded idiot who would believe it in the first place。 Secondly， a professional basketball coach。 Oh。。。 you mention that a major league coach already refuted the claim？ Ouch。This is of course an extreme example of a more general issue。 That even after having read the book multiple times and understood the theories and models put forth， I still have no clue what consequences it could have in my life， let alone that of any other。 None， nada。 Perhaps this is personal， but it seems a big failure for a popular science book。Alright， so maybe it is hard to apply。 Perhaps reviewing theories will make it easier to apply over time and I shall start to see more opportunities。。。 Wait what is that in the distance。。。 Oh my。。。 OH。。。Third shortcoming: the contents of the book have shaky scientific foundations。 God damnit， I fell straight into the same trap that caught me when I read How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease。 A popular book， recommended by a friend or organisation。 A nice and scientific sounding author， usually with a focus on their credentials on the cover （Ph。D， M。D。， Nobel Prize Winner）。 A large and impressive reference section， seemingly too big to contain falsity。 It all seems to hypnotize me to take it on authority。But like much other popular psychology in recent years， behind the sources you find that the ancient art of replication has been forgotten。 Ahh， replication you say？ What the f**k is that？ It basically means that nobody double checked the work behind the ideas Kahneman based his upon。 It's like if somebody decided to fire a rocket to the moon using Newton's laws for the rocket design and flight calculation， but nobody besides Newton ever checked if his laws actually worked。 The person just took the book， thought "Ohh Newton， I like people whose name begins with N， it must be true。" and just ran with it。 Luckily the laws work， but they could have equally not in that circumstance。 That is the importance of replication。Kahneman spectacularly failed in this area， but then again so did many psychologists with their respective books。 It is a wider crisis known as the 'Replication Crisis'， look it up！ Basically the psychological community gained a feeling of trust between each other over time， causing them to see bad studies as acceptable and assuming that replications had taken place even though they hadn't。According to an analysis there are particular areas of concern， such as the chapter on priming。 Then there are also areas where claims are less shaky， such as Kahneman's work on overconfidence。 But looking at the replication indices for each chapter does not fill me with confidence。 Sadly confidence in the book's validity is what I need before investing the monumental effort required to understand its contents and apply them。So in conclusion: I would not recommend investing your time into this。 Only do it if your boss recommends it as directly applicable to your work， then take it with a huge grain of salt。 What is presented here are mostly subjective mental models for thinking about thinking， not objective laws about how thinking works。 。。。more
Alina Vasylchyk
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дуже маст рід！
Dean Ryan Martin
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Done reading THINKING， FAST AND SLOW。 Author's Writing Style: 4 STARS。 Yay - The tone of writing is professional from start to finish。 It is almost like a textbook。 The primary goal is to inform with facts and a lot more facts。 Nay - Long paragraphs。 Long sentences。Substance & Quality: 4 STARS。 Yay - This is 'Thinking' psychology at its core。 It reminds me of my good old days in college。 What is amazing is， this book integrates psychology and economics into one bigger picture to understand and t Done reading THINKING， FAST AND SLOW。 Author's Writing Style: 4 STARS。 Yay - The tone of writing is professional from start to finish。 It is almost like a textbook。 The primary goal is to inform with facts and a lot more facts。 Nay - Long paragraphs。 Long sentences。Substance & Quality: 4 STARS。 Yay - This is 'Thinking' psychology at its core。 It reminds me of my good old days in college。 What is amazing is， this book integrates psychology and economics into one bigger picture to understand and to explain the thinking processes of a human being。 Believe me， I still get surprised with what I learned。 Just so you know， there are 38 chapters + two appendixes and an index。 Each chapter is filled with a psychological experiment， statistics and personal experiences of the author with his friends。Nay - I attempted to read this book fast。 Unluckily， I experienced information overload。 This right technique is to take it slow while enjoying every chapter。 。。。more
Reference
google book https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=Thinking, Fast and Slow
hathitrust digital library https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ls?q1=Thinking, Fast and Slow&field1=ocr&a=srchls&ft=ft&lmt=ft